The criminalization of human rights defenders: trends, tactics, and international responses

This research paper explores why this targeting of HRDs via both legal and extralegal action has increased and how the strategies aimed at invalidating their actions have evolved as well as whether international responses to this have been adequate. The central idea is to evaluate the use of criminalization as a repressive instrument and measure the performance level of the international systems in the protection of HRDs. The qualitative methodology is used in case studies of Latin America, Southeast Asia and the Middle East, analysis of legal documents and interviews with the victims of repression and/or defenders, human rights lawyers, and human rights organizations at the international level. It is anticipated that the findings would unveil a tendency of the abuse of the legal systems through strategic suitcases, arbitrary arrest, surveillance, and online harassment targeting the efforts of human rights. Although organizations have passed condemnations and protective mandates by international bodies, they are usually limited by geopolitical concerns and enforcement abilities. The study ends by advancing that a firm global system of accountability is desired, protective efforts are required to be coordinated, and national law should be strengthened to secure the validity and security of HRDs all over.