Analysis of surface urban heat island intensity in summer and winter seasons based on Landsat 9 data

As part of this study, Landsat 9 images were selected for the summer of 2024 and the winter of 2024—2025. Land surface temperature (LST) was calculated within the administrative boundaries of Volgograd, and the intensity of summer and winter urban heat islands was assessed and compared using two approaches: UHI-driven and land-cover-driven. The results indicate the presence of an urban heat island in Volgograd during both summer and winter seasons; however, its spatial localization may differ depending on the time of year. It was also found that cropland areas lead to negative UHI intensity values in both seasons, whereas the influence of water bodies on winter surface UHI intensity may be minimal