Managing inclusive co-creation processes in a superdiverse neighborhood: drivers of inclusion in the case of Rotterdam

This study responds to the call in the literature for more attention to examine the inclusive nature of co-creation processes. It explores the dynamic nature of inclusion within co-creation processes, focusing on a long-term co-creation experiment in the city of Rotterdam. It shows how different definitions of inclusion evolve through different phases of co-creation. Our key findings reveal that informal and playful methods effectively foster early engagement, but sustaining diverse voices during later decision-making phases requires renewing democratic legitimacy throughout the phases of implementation and actual decision-making. The role of frontline public servants emerges as pivotal. Their creative approaches bridge community realities with institutional frameworks. Yet, challenges arise as standard administrative ways of working dominate later stages, restricting openness and creativity. This study underscores the interconnectedness of political support, facilitative management, and frontline public servants in maintaining inclusion, offering nuanced insights into the drivers and barriers of inclusive co-creation.