Multiple experts in academia continue to analyze how social discrepancies continue after India gained independence. The historical development of caste and class systems in India receives investigation to demonstrate their mutual effects on national development. Through a historical review researchers demonstrate how caste system together with class background determines resource distribution alongside influence opportunities and power. The social ranking system influences both economic social advancement and election representation even when constitutional protections and positive discrimination measures are in place. The paper finishes with an evaluation of present-day challenges together with recommended strategies for inclusive development.
Manna et al. (2025) studied this question.