Categorization of different forms of Anemia (Faqr al-Dam) among children with an emphasis on iron deficiency anemia: A review

Background and Objectives: Anemia, characterized by decreased hemoglobin (Hb) levels in red blood cells (RBCs), remains a significant public health issue. Globally, the prevalence of anemia among children under five years has decreased from 48% to 39.8% but has stagnated since 2010. In traditional Unani Medicine, anemia is referred to as Faqr al-Dam, literally meaning "shortage of blood." Anemia classifications depend on morphological, functional, and etiological factors, with iron deficiency anemia (IDA) recognized as the most common nutritional anemia among children. This review aims to highlight the importance of iron, its dietary sources, and nutritional requirements to prevent iron deficiency anemia across various age groups, alongside providing guidance on identification and diagnosis. Methods: Relevant data were gathered through a comprehensive literature search of databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus. Results: Anemia significantly impacts children, adults, pregnant women, and women of childbearing age. Given the slow progress in anemia reduction, especially among women, the World Health Assembly (WHA) has set a global target of halving anemia prevalence by 2030. Effective clinical management and public health interventions addressing IDA can substantially improve health outcomes and quality of life. Conclusion: This review provides insights into various anemia types, emphasizing iron deficiency anemia, its diagnosis, and preventive strategies. Despite extensive global research on anemia, critical gaps remain, necessitating future studies on iron absorption mechanisms, the long-term cognitive impacts of iron deficiency, and dietary influences on iron homeostasis.