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August 22, 2025Advanced Science109 citationsOpen Access

4D Printing of Magnetically Responsive Shape Memory Polymers: Toward Sustainable Solutions in Soft Robotics, Wearables, and Biomedical Devices

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KMKiandokht MirasadiMYMohammad Amin YousefiLJLiuchao Jin

Key Points

  • Magnetically responsive shape memory polymers enable innovative applications in soft robotics and wearables, enhancing performance and functionality.
  • The review identifies key fabrication techniques such as 3D printing and material extrusion that influence actuation efficiency and mechanical properties.
  • Investigation into various polymer matrices and magnetic fillers shows a significant impact on thermal and mechanical properties during production.
  • Emerging strategies are discussed to address challenges in material stability and actuation speed, suggesting future directions for sustainable applications.

Abstract

Abstract The fusion of 4D printing and magneto‐responsive shape memory polymers (SMPs) is unlocking new frontiers in remote actuation, reconfigurable materials, and multifunctional structures. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the latest advancements in the fabrication, material selection, and application of these smart materials. The discussion encompasses the primary 3D printing techniques utilized for processing magneto‐responsive SMPs, including material extrusion, vat photopolymerization, and powder bed fusion. A critical comparison of fabrication methods highlights the influence of melt mixing and solvent casting on filler dispersion, mechanical performance, and actuation efficiency. Furthermore, various polymer matrices, such as thermoplastics and thermosets, are examined in conjunction with magnetic fillers, including Fe 3 O 4 , carbonyl iron powder (CIP), and neodymium magnet (NdFeB), to evaluate their effects on thermal, mechanical, and functional properties. The review also explores key application areas, such as biomedical engineering, soft robotics, and advanced wearable technology. Challenges related to material stability, actuation speed, and multi‐functional integration are discussed, along with emerging strategies to enhance performance and scalability. This work serves as a timely and in‐depth resource for researchers and engineers aiming to advance magnetic‐responsive materials in 4D printing toward sustainable soft robotic systems, biomedical devices, and flexible electronics.

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Cite This Study

Mirasadi et al. (2025) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/68af570dad7bf08b1eaddf1dhttps://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202513091
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