Thyroid autoimmunity in women of North India: Serological and environmental influences

Background: Thyroid autoimmunity (TAI) is a rising endocrine concern among women in North India, driven by a complex interplay of environmental exposures and biological factors. Understanding the serological and environmental contributors is vital for targeted public health interventions. Objectives: The objective of the study was to assess the prevalence of TAI among North Indian women and explore its association with selected serological and environmental risk factors. Methodology: This cross-sectional study involved 600 women aged 18–50 years from various regions of North India. TAI was identified by the presence of antithyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) antibodies. Environmental and biological factors were assessed via structured questionnaires and laboratory analyses. Logistic regression was used to evaluate predictors of TAI. Results: Anti-TPO antibodies were detected in 18.3% of the participants. Significant predictors of TAI included iodine excess (odds ratio [OR] = 2.8; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.6–4.9), selenium deficiency (OR = 3.1; 95% CI: 1.8–5.3), urban residence (OR = 2.2; 95% CI: 1.3–3.7), and elevated blood cadmium levels (OR = 1.9; 95% CI: 1.1–3.4). TAI-positive women had a higher prevalence of family history (29% vs. 12%, P < 0.001) and urban residency (78% vs. 62%, P = 0.003). Conclusion: This study highlights the gendered and environmental complexity underlying TAI in North Indian women. Findings indicate a need for region-specific iodine intake surveillance, selenium supplementation, and environmental pollution control as part of integrated public health strategies to manage autoimmune thyroid disorders.