Assessment of liver and kidney function in type 2 diabetes: Insights from a cross-sectional study in Jalandhar, Punjab

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with multiple metabolic complications, including liver dysfunction and renal impairment. Elevated liver enzymes and impaired renal function are commonly observed in diabetic patients, often serving as early indicators of organ damage. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate liver function (alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alkaline phosphatase [ALP], and gamma-glutamyl transferase [GGT]) and renal function (glomerular filtration rate [GFR], blood urea nitrogen [BUN], creatinine, and electrolytes) in T2DM patients in Jalandhar, Punjab, India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1000 T2DM patients. Liver function tests and renal function tests were analyzed using biochemical assays. The association of these biomarkers with disease progression and complications was assessed. Results: Abnormal liver enzyme levels were observed in 38.5% of patients, with elevated ALT and AST in 27% and 24%, respectively. ALP and GGT were significantly elevated in 31% and 29% of patients. Renal dysfunction was observed in 42% of patients, with decreased GFR (<60 mL/min/1.73 m²) in 22%. Elevated BUN and creatinine were found in 34% and 29% of cases, respectively, while electrolyte imbalances were seen in 19%. Conclusion: A significant proportion of T2DM patients exhibited liver and renal dysfunction, highlighting the need for routine screening to prevent complications.