Parasitic Resistance and Circuit Variation Effects in a DC–DC Buck Converter With Integer/Fractional‐Order PID Controllers

DC–DC buck converters are widely recognized for their efficient voltage regulation capabilities and low component count. However, in real applications, one must consider the parasitic resistance effect that is associated to the inductor, and also, one must take into account variations of the capacitor and load resistance. These effects can be mitigated in a DC–DC buck converter by appropriate tuning of proportional–integral–derivative (PID) and fractional‐order (FOPID) controllers, to achieve the desired voltage regulation. In this manner, the proposed work shows the derivation of a mathematical model that includes the parasitic resistance and provides time‐simulation results of the voltage regulation when using either the PID or FOPID controller. The simulations are performed in time domain applying the second‐order Adams–Bashforth, difference quotient formula and Grünwald–Letnikov methods. The simulation results include discussions on tuning the controllers to guarantee voltage regulation under parameter uncertainties.