Design and Simulation of a Photovoltaic System with MPPT Control using P&O Algorithm

The increasing global demand for clean and sustainable energy has positioned photovoltaic (PV) systems as a key contributor to renewable power generation. However, the inherently variable nature of solar irradiance and temperature significantly impacts PV output efficiency. This paper presents the design and simulation of a photovoltaic system integrated with a Perturb and Observe (P&O) Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm to enhance energy harvesting under fluctuating environmental conditions. The PV system is modeled using the fundamental current–voltage and power–voltage characteristics of a solar module, incorporating temperature and irradiance dependencies. The MPPT control logic is developed in MATLAB/Simulink and interfaced with a DC–DC boost converter to regulate the operating point of the PV array at its maximum power. The simulation results demonstrate stable tracking performance, rapid convergence to the maximum power point, and improved system efficiency compared to fixed operating point scenarios. Quantitative analysis indicates a significant enhancement in energy capture, with the proposed system achieving over 98% tracking efficiency under varying test conditions. The presented model serves as a practical reference for the design and implementation of grid-connected and standalone PV systems in real-world applications.