Osteoarthritis and Its Therapeutic Management in Unani System of Medicine: An Overview

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive, degenerative joint disorder characterized by the breakdown of cartilage, resulting in pain, stiffness, and decreased mobility. Despite the widespread prevalence of OA and the significant burden it places on individuals and healthcare systems globally, conventional treatment options often provide limited symptomatic relief and are associated with adverse effects upon prolonged use. The Unani System of Medicine, a holistic and traditional form of healing rooted in Greco-Arabic philosophy, offers a promising alternative for the management of osteoarthritis. Grounded in the principles of balancing the four humors and strengthening the body's innate healing capacity, Unani medicine emphasizes a multidimensional therapeutic approach. Management of OA in Unani involves lifestyle and dietary modifications, herbal formulations with anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, regimental therapies (Ilaj bil Tadbeer) such as massage (Dalak), fomentation (Takhmeed), and cupping (Hijamah), alongside personalized care. Unani formulations like Habb-e-Muqil, Majoon Suranjan, and decoctions of herbs such as Suranjan shirin (Colchicum luteum) and Zanjabeel (Zingiber officinale) are traditionally used to alleviate joint inflammation and pain. This paper aims to explore the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis from both modern and Unani perspectives and reviews evidence-based Unani interventions that may provide long-term relief and improved quality of life for patients suffering from osteoarthritis.