Seasonal Patterns in Yield and Gas Emissions of Greenhouse Tomatoes Under Different Fertilization Levels with Irrigation–Aeration Coupling

Optimizing aeration, fertilization, and irrigation is vital for improving greenhouse tomato production while mitigating soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This study investigated the combined effects of three aeration levels (A1: single Venturi, A2: double Venturi, CK: no aeration), two fertilization rates (F1: 180 kg/ha, F2: 240 kg/ha), and two irrigation levels (I1: 0.8 Epan, I2: 1.0 Epan) on tomato yield, CO2, N2O, and CH4 emissions, net GHG emissions, net global warming potential (NGWP), and GHG intensity (GHGI) across Spring–Summer and Autumn–Winter seasons. Results showed that aeration and fertilization significantly increased CO2 and N2O emissions but reduced CH4 emissions. Warmer conditions in Spring–Summer elevated all GHG emissions and yield compared to Autumn–Winter seasons. Tomato yield, net GHG emissions, NGWP, and GHGI were 12.05%, 24.3%, 14.46%, and 2.37% higher, respectively, in Spring–Summer. Combining the Maximal Information Coefficient and TOPSIS models, the optimal practice was A1-F1-I1 in Spring–Summer and A2-F1-I1 in Autumn–Winter seasons. These results provide a theoretical basis for selecting climate-smart management strategies that enhance yield and environmental sustainability in greenhouse tomato systems.