Student Worksheet Based on AR Cells and Tissues to Train Spatial Thinking and Problem Solving

In the contemporary educational landscape of the 21st century, students encounter numerous challenges in cultivating advanced competencies across varied skill sets, notably in spatial thinking ability and problem-solving skills. This study aims to develop an Augmented Reality (AR) application focusing on Cells and Tissues, designed to enhance spatial thinking ability and problem-solving skills among biology students and prospective biology educators during lectures on Plant Development Structures. The objective is to provide practical and effective learning experiences. A key methodological approach is the integration of an augmented reality application, termed "AR Cells and Tissues," which specifically addresses plant anatomy with an emphasis on cells, tissues, and plant organs. The practicality of the application is evaluated through user feedback, while its effectiveness is assessed based on indicators related to spatial thinking ability and problem-solving skills. User satisfaction resulted in a mean score of 3.55, categorizing the application as "Very Practical." Furthermore, the effectiveness metrics reveal that spatial thinking capacity averaged 84.88, categorized as "High," while problem-solving capacity achieved a mean score of 77.73, also indicating a "High" level. These findings suggest that the development and implementation of the AR Cells and Tissues application considerably enhance spatial thinking ability and problem-solving skills, particularly within the realm of biology education.