Biofertilizer enriched with Paenibacillus polymyxa and Trichoderma sp. for radish cultivation

Agricultural residues can be transformed into organic fertilizers through the inoculation of efficient microorganisms, which influence plant growth, disease and pest resistance, and stimulate physiological activities. The primary objective of this study was to develop a biofertilizer from agricultural residues using anaerobic fermentation, inoculated with Paenibacillus polymyxa and Trichoderma sp., for cultivating three radish cultivars (Raphanus sativus L.): Scarlet Champion, Crimson Giant, and Reggae. The experiment followed a completely randomized block design (CRBD) with 12 treatments and five replications, totaling 60 experimental units. The inoculation mixture consisted of 10% biofertilizer, 89.65% irrigation water, and 0.35% of either P. polymyxa or Trichoderma sp. Fertilization was applied to the soil at 7, 12, and 17 days after planting. The three radish cultivars exhibited higher survival rates, plant height, bulb diameter, foliage weight, and bulb weight when treated with the biofertilizer enriched with P. polymyxa, which influenced their morphological traits. This approach enables farmers to reduce chemical fertilizer use, lower economic costs, and develop new environmentally friendly biotechnological products. The biofertilizer enriched with P. polymyxa significantly enhanced plant morphology in all three radish cultivars. Crimson Giant achieved a 100% survivalrateduring fertilization, witha plant heightof 26.49 cm at 32 days, a bulb diameter of 4.78 cm, a foliage weight of 0.81 kg, and a bulb weight of 46.00 g.