Environmental Law and Conservation of Water Resources. A Case of River Rwizi in Sheema, Rwampara and Isingiro Districts in Uganda

Water is an essential natural asset critical for human survival and societal development. It serves a wide range of purposes such as household use, transportation, industrial production and farming. Despite its importance, River Rwizi is facing severe environmental degradation, which is accelerating due to increasing population pressure. This study set out to investigate how environmental law affects the conservation of water resources along the River Rwizi, particularly in Sheema, Rwampara, and Isingiro Districts in Uganda. The core objective was to explore the challenges in enforcing water conservation laws in these areas. The research employed a cross-sectional design that integrated both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Quantitative data were summarised using frequency tables and percentages, while thematic analysis was employed for qualitative insights. The study focused geographically on the River Rwizi and its surrounding areas in the three districts. Key informants highlighted that enforcement efforts are constrained by limited manpower and equipment. Additionally, it was found that ensuring transparency and holding all offenders accountable, regardless of their social or economic status, is vital. The study concluded that conservation efforts are significantly weakened by inadequate enforcement resources and low public awareness. As a solution, it recommends that the government enhance investment in enforcement tools and that local collaboration among authorities, communities, and leaders be strengthened to support conservation efforts.