Impact of Globalization on The Economic Empowerment of Women in Pakistan

This study examines the impact of globalization on women's economic empowerment in Pakistan, a critical issue within the broader discourse on gender equality. A time series analysis is performed to examine the influence of globalization on women’s employment with its economic, social, and political dimensions for the period between 1980 and 2020. The findings reveal that economic, social, and political globalization exert distinct influences on women's employment. Economic globalization negatively affects employment in both the short and long term, whereas social and political globalization initially have adverse effects that later turn positive. These dynamics are shaped by factors such as Pakistan's level of development, gender norms, and data limitations. While economic empowerment serves as a catalyst for progress in social, cultural, and political spheres, further research incorporating sectoral analysis and national efficiency components is needed for a more comprehensive understanding. Despite persistent challenges, Pakistan has witnessed significant progress in women's participation in the workforce since the 1990s. Policy reforms, empowerment programs, and gender-responsive trade agreements are essential to fostering sustainable and inclusive growth. Continuous education, legal reforms, and effective policy implementation remain imperative to creating a more equitable environment for women.