Astrophysical interpretations of the data measured at the Pierre Auger Observatory

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Observations reveal that ultra-high-energy cosmic rays have complex sources, suggesting starburst galaxies play a key role.

The model suggests that ultra-high-energy cosmic rays originate from two distinct extragalactic sources, one soft and one hard spectrum.
Data show that incorporating nearby starburst galaxies into the source model improved the likelihood by 4.5σ, highlighting their importance.
Analysis of energy spectra and depths of shower maximum provides crucial insights into the parameters of cosmic ray sources.
The findings indicate that high-energy spectral indices can be soft due to strong magnetic fields, aligning with shock acceleration models.

Teresa Bister (2025) studied this question.

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