Canine Leishmaniasis: Epidemiological Aspects, Diagnostics and Challenges for Health and Environmental Management

Objective: To analyze the epidemiological and diagnostic aspects of canine leishmaniasis, as well as the challenges faced in integrated health and environmental management, aiming to support disease control and prevention strategies from the perspective of public health and environmental sustainability. Theoretical Framework: This chapter presents the main aspects of canine visceral leishmaniasis, based on the epidemiological triad (agent, host, and environment) and the eco-epidemiological model of transmission, addressing etiology, biological cycle, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and relevance to public health and the environment. Method: Searches in MEDLINE (PubMed) and LILACS databases were performed using descriptors related to visceral leishmaniasis, diagnosis, therapy, and epidemiology, filtering publications published between 2004 and 2024. Studies relevant to clinical practice were selected, excluding those without full texts. Additionally, additional sources deemed relevant by the authors were included. Results and Discussion: The results and discussion indicate that domestic dogs are the main reservoir of visceral leishmaniasis, presenting asymptomatic, oligosymptomatic, or symptomatic forms, with diverse clinical signs. Diagnosis combines immunological, parasitological, and PCR tests, while treatment includes miltefosine, clinical monitoring, and preventive strategies such as insecticide collars and vaccination. Environmental and socioeconomic factors, as well as rural-urban migration, influence transmission and hinder disease control. Early detection and integrated management of vectors and human cases are essential to reduce incidence and mortality. Research Implications: This research provides theoretical and practical insights into canine leishmaniasis, guiding control, diagnosis, and management strategies. Its implications impact public health, environmental management, health policies, and veterinary practices. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by integrating epidemiological, clinical, and environmental aspects of canine leishmaniasis, offering a comprehensive and innovative approach. The relevance of this research is evidenced by its potential to guide more effective control strategies, public policies, and veterinary practices, strengthening health and environmental management.