The GNL3L‐MDM2 Interaction Drives Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Progression

Background This study investigates the mechanisms by which GNL3L influences ESCC progression. Methods GNL3L expression was analyzed via immunohistochemistry in ESCC tissues. Cell proliferation (EdU and CCK8 assays), migration, invasion (wound healing and Transwell assays), cell cycle, and apoptosis (flow cytometry) were assessed. Levels of GNL3L, MDM2, p53, and p21 were evaluated by qRT‐PCR and western blot. Tumor growth was observed in nude mice injected with TE‐1 cells. Results GNL3L was upregulated in ESCC specimens ( p < 0.05) and knockdown reduced proliferation and migration while enhancing apoptosis ( p < 0.01). GNL3L interacted with MDM2; knocking down GNL3L decreased MDM2 and increased p53 and p21 ( p < 0.01). MDM2 overexpression enhanced malignant characteristics, reversible by GNL3L silencing ( p < 0.01). Moreover, MDM2 knockdown inhibited malignant characteristics, reversible by GNL3L overexpression ( p < 0.01). In vivo, the sh‐GNL3L group exhibited the smallest tumor volumes after 5 weeks ( p < 0.01). Conclusions GNL3L correlates with ESCC malignancy, influencing the MDM2‐p53‐p21 axis. GNL3L‐MDM2 interaction is critical in ESCC progression.