A Review of Renewable Energy Strategies and Policy Effectiveness in Turkey and Selected EU Countries

Renewable energy policies are fundamental structural elements driving countries' energy transitions. The effectiveness of these policies plays a decisive role not only in achieving national goals but also in contributing to regional and global energy integration. This study compares the current renewable energy situation, future projections, and implemented incentive mechanisms, as well as their effectiveness in achieving policy objectives, in selected European Union (EU) countries and Turkey. Unlike studies in the literature, which typically focus on a limited number of countries and specific incentive models, this research expands both the country sample and incentive types. In particular, Turkey's renewable energy policies and incentive structure are systematically compared with EU countries from a temporal perspective, revealing their strengths and weaknesses. The findings provide a comprehensive assessment and strategic guidance for policymakers, academic researchers, and energy sector actors.