Role of Plant Tissue Culture and Seed Technology in Enhancing Crop Resilience- A Review

Ensuring crop resilience against environmental stresses is vital for sustainable agriculture and food security in the face of climate change. Two major biotechnological approaches—plant tissue culture and advanced seed technology—have emerged as powerful tools in achieving this goal. This review explores the contributions of plant tissue culture techniques such as micropropagation, somaclonal variation, embryo rescue, and in vitro selection for the development of disease-resistant and stress-tolerant crop varieties. Simultaneously, it discusses how seed technologies like seed priming, pelleting, coating, and synthetic seed production improve germination, enhance vigor, and support uniform crop establishment under adverse conditions. The integration of tissue culture with modern seed technology ensures not only the rapid multiplication of elite genotypes but also strengthens plant resilience to abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, and heat, and biotic challenges like pathogens and pests. This review also covers recent innovations such as cryopreservation, seed nanopriming, and genetic fidelity assessment through molecular markers. Challenges like cost, scalability, and skill requirements are also discussed. This comprehensive review aims to provide researchers, breeders, and policymakers with insights into how combining tissue culture and seed innovation can build a robust, climate-resilient agricultural system.