Novel Non-invasive Strategies Using Genetic Biomarkers for Early Detection of Colorectal Cancer

Among individuals aged between 20 years and 49 years, colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of death. This is partly due to the fact that CRC is not diagnosed earlier because symptoms do not showcase until later stages— a hallmark of CRC. The gold standard testing for CRC continues to be the colonoscopy, a test that discourages patients because of its invasive nature. In light of this problem, this research paper methodically reviews previously published papers and current/ongoing studies to explore a testing process for CRC that uses genetic biomarkers (mutated APC, KRAS, and TP53 genes and methylated DNA) in the stool samples. The genetic markers chosen were based on the major genes involved in the colorectal carcinogenesis pathway. Testing these genetic biomarkers in combination has shown promise by increasing sensitivity and efficiency of CRC screening by using technologies, including next generation sequencing, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and methylation-specific PCR. Such non-invasive testing methods can encourage patient compliance and help combat the growing death rate. In the future, utilizing genetic biomarkers should become more widespread, increasing CRC diagnosis rates. Additionally, individuals should continue to pay attention to unusual symptoms, reach out to medical professionals, and take a more proactive stance in their health. The end of this paper explores several ongoing or completed clinical trials that use various types of biomarkers (which are not limited to genetic biomarkers), showcasing the urgency of this issue.