Research demonstrates how citrate and buffering additives affect tungsten content and deposition rates in nickel-phosphorus-tungsten alloys, suggesting optimal conditions for coatings.
The effects of ligands and buffering additives on the content of tungsten and phosphorus in a chemically precipitated nickel - phosphorus - tungsten alloy and the deposition rate of coatings have been studied. It is shown that an ammonia-citrate solution does not allow one to obtain coatings with a high content of tungsten. The use of sodium tetraborate as a buffering additive makes it possible to increase the deposition rate and the tungsten content. It was found that an increase in the content of citric acid in the solution to 20 g / l accelerated the deposition process of the alloy and increased the proportion of tungsten, but with a further increase in its concentration, a significant decrease in the deposition rate occurred without increasing the proportion of tungsten in the alloy. The use of citrate-succinate solution makes it possible to significantly increase the deposition rate without reducing the proportion of tungsten in the alloy. As in the case of citrate solution, as the concentration of succinic acid increases, the deposition rate passes through the maximum.
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Lozhkin et al. (2023) studied this question.
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