Research Advances on the Immunoregulatory Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy of the JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway in Allergic Rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a chronic airway disease characterized by immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated inflammation of the nasal mucosa, featuring complex pathogenesis where current therapeutic approaches remain insufficient to fully control symptoms and disease progression. The Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transduction and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway, a core signaling cascade ubiquitously expressed in cells, demonstrates multidimensional and multitargeted involvement in immunopathological processes of AR, including immune balance regulation, epithelial barrier impairment, and tissue remodeling. Recent advances reveal that JAK/STAT pathway-targeted inhibitors and herbal components exhibit therapeutic potential for AR by modulating Th1/Th2 immune imbalance, reducing mucus hypersecretion, and mitigating local inflammation. This review systematically summarizes the multidimensional regulatory network of the JAK/STAT pathway in AR and its targeted therapeutic strategies, aiming to provide theoretical foundations for elucidating AR pathogenesis, optimizing treatment approaches through immune microenvironment remodeling, and proposing novel insights for JAK/STAT-targeted therapeutic interventions.