The JAK-STAT pathway in allergic diseases: from pathogenesis to targeted therapy

The JAK-STAT signaling pathway serves as a central hub in the pathogenesis of various allergic diseases, including atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, and asthma. It mediates signal transduction of key inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, and directly regulate regulating Th2 cell differentiation, IgE production, and eosinophil function. Moreover, the dysregulation of its intrinsic negative feedback mechanisms also serves as a significant driver of disease progression. Targeting this pathway has yielded significant progress in drug development, including JAK/STAT inhibitors and immunomodulatory natural products. However, challenges persist in regarding long-term safety, efficacy differences across disease subtypes, and combination therapy approaches. This review systematically outlines the central role of the JAK-STAT pathway in allergic diseases and comprehensively evaluates recent advances and clinical prospects of related targeted therapies, aims to provide a comprehensive reference for future basic research and precise clinical management.