Fibroblast-Based Therapies for Wrinkles, Wounds, and Vitiligo: A Comprehensive Review

BACKGROUND Fibroblasts are essential dermal cells that produce extracellular matrix and growth factors critical for skin integrity, repair, and pigmentation. Their therapeutic use has expanded into clinical dermatology for various indications. OBJECTIVE To review and synthesize clinical evidence on autologous and allogeneic fibroblast therapies in the treatment of wrinkles, wounds, and vitiligo, highlighting mechanisms of action, safety profiles, and future applications. METHODS A comprehensive literature review was conducted of clinical trials involving fibroblast-based therapies in human subjects for skin aging, nonhealing wounds, and vitiligo. Data from randomized controlled trials and observational studies were extracted. RESULTS Autologous fibroblast injections (e.g., autologous fibroblast product-T) have demonstrated improvement in facial wrinkles with durable results and minimal adverse effects. Allogeneic fibroblast-based skin substitutes (e.g., Dermagraft, Apligraf) have shown efficacy in chronic wound healing, particularly in diabetic and venous ulcers. Emerging data suggest that fibroblasts may play a supportive role in vitiligo repigmentation. Both autologous and allogeneic fibroblasts have shown favorable safety profiles. CONCLUSION Fibroblast-based therapies offer a regenerative approach to a range of dermatologic conditions. Clinical evidence supports their use in wrinkle reduction and wound healing, with early promise in vitiligo. Fibroblast therapy exemplifies a shift toward biologically integrative treatments in dermatologic surgery.