A small-size imidazole-derived ligand binds to the KRAS promoter G-quadruplex and inhibits cancer growth with enhanced immunomodulation

KRAS overactivation is commonly present in a diversity of solid tumors. Recently, small-molecule inhibitors of KRAS G12C mutation are approved for clinical use, ending the long era of KRAS as an 'undruggable' target. However, new approaches to suppress a wide spectrum of KRAS abnormalities are still needed to be developed. G-quadruplex (G4) locates in the nuclease hypersensitive element (NHE) region of the promoter, and controls KRAS expression. To date, only a few KRAS G4 ligands with coplanar aromatic scaffolds have been discovered. These compounds fall outside the "drug-like" chemical space and lack satisfactory selectivity between KRAS G4 and other DNAs. In this study, a series of drug-like, indolium-based analogs binding toward KRAS G4 were engineered, and BN1, derived from imidazole, was decided as the most potent ligand. BN1 effectively suppressed KRAS expression, thereby downregulating MEK-ERK pathway and PD-L1 expression in tumor cells. In vivo experiments demonstrated that BN1 effectively reduced tumor burden while exhibiting immunostimulatory effects, including the increase of CD8+ IFNγ+ cells, the decrease of CD4+ Foxp3+ cells and the regulation of cytokines. Collectively, it is the first time, to our knowledge, to report a KRAS G4-directed small-molecule ligand with antitumor efficacy related to enhanced immunomodulation.