Performance Evaluation of CIMI Electron Precipitation During Geomagnetic Storms With the Introduction of Multiple Reflections

This study demonstrates the performance of the Comprehensive Inner Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere (CIMI) model in predicting auroral diffuse electron precipitation during the geomagnetically disturbed and quiet periods. The performance is evaluated with respect to Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) precipitation data along the satellite orbits. CIMI underestimated DMSP particle fluxes at lower energies (0.5–1.4 keV) and performed better at higher energy ranges (14–30 keV). Improved performance was observed when CIMI was further upgraded with multiple reflections from the secondary low‐energy electrons. Performance metrics such as accuracy (Root Mean Square Error, RMSE), precision ( P σ ,ratio ), and bias were improved for most cases after the incorporation of multiple reflections. The performance of CIMI was more accurate and precise during the geomagnetically quieter period than during the geomagnetically disturbed period. The improvement of the performance of CIMI with respect to DMSP observations at lower energy ranges after the inclusion of multiple reflections also indicates the possible presence of secondary electrons in the DMSP observations. This is consistent with the previous studies.