Energy Management Model in Controlled Environment Agriculture: A Review

Controlled environment agriculture (CEA) has emerged as a vital solution to address the escalating global food demand amidst urbanization and diminishing arable land. However, the high energy consumption of CEA poses significant challenges for sustainable development. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the energy management models within CEA. The basic models of environmental factors such as light, temperature, humidity, and CO2 concentration are introduced, highlighting their impact on plant growth and energy use. This paper elaborates on the coupling relationships between plant physiological activities and environmental control, facility environment and energy systems, and energy consumption and carbon emissions. Applications of energy management in CEA, including optimal energy scheduling, interaction with microgrids, and planning issues, are reviewed. Future research directions, such as multi-time-scale dynamic modeling, uncertainty modeling, and demand response (DR) modeling under market-oriented mechanisms, are also discussed.