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This is a In Vitro Study study.

Formulation and Evaluation of Vitamin C Peel-off Masks Using Different Skin Penetration Enhancers

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In vitro analysis examined vitamin C permeation in formulations with skin penetration enhancers, revealing vitamin E as the most effective agent.

The study found that all formulations with skin penetration enhancers improved vitamin C permeation compared to the control group.
Formulations with 2% vitamin E showed the highest permeation enhancement at 21.06 µg/cm2/min, indicating its effectiveness as a skin penetration enhancer.
The peel-off masks maintained a stable pH while viscosity and vitamin C concentrations decreased over 45 days of storage.
Using the Franz diffusion method, the study evaluated permeation through porcine ear skin to ensure a realistic assessment of skin absorption.

Sahamastuti et al. (2025) studied this question.

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In vitro analysis examined vitamin C permeation in formulations with skin penetration enhancers, revealing vitamin E as the most effective agent.