A Comprehensive Review on the Influence of High Aswan Dam on Hydrometeorological and Geoscience Perceptions

The High Aswan Dam (HAD), completed in 1971, is an important engineering project that has changed the Nile Valley in many ways. HAD provides benefits like controlling floods and producing hydroelectric power. However, HAD also has caused several problems such as loss of sediment, changed river flow, and effects on both aquatic and land ecosystems. Studies report measurable impacts on groundwater, fish habitats, and energy production—especially during the GERD filling period. Climate change, population growth, and increased water demand have added new pressure to the system. Despite these issues, water quality remains generally acceptable, and renewable energy options like floating solar panels show promise. This review highlights the need for integrated and adaptive water management strategies. By examining the environmental, hydrological, geotechnical, and energy-related impacts of the HAD in the 21st century, the study aims to guide more informed decisions for the sustainable future of the Nile Valley.