Mini-review: Experimental Approaches for the Biomechanical Testing of Bone

Mechanical testing of bone biomechanics is crucial for assessing bone strength, quality, and fracture risk. This mini-review summarizes recent advances from nanoindentation to whole-bone compression, highlighting techniques such as in situ micro-CT with digital volume correlation, finite element modelling from clinical imaging, and biomechanical sensors. Despite progress, challenges in standardization, scalability, and clinical translation persist. Future directions focus on multiscale testing, machine learning integration, and interdisciplinary approaches to improve patient-specific diagnosis and treatment. Combining experimental, computational, and clinical methods is essential for advancing bone health research.