Current approaches to the diagnosis and management of bruxism

Bruxism is a repetitive motor activity characterized by involuntary movements of the masticatory muscles, such as clenching, grinding, or involuntary movements of the mandible, which may occur during sleep or wakefulness. Bruxism usually has a multifactorial etiology; dopaminergic system dysfunction, psychological stress, genetic predisposition, and environmental factors are at the forefront in this process. Self-report, clinical examination, and device-assisted methods are used in combination in the diagnostic process. In order to manage bruxism effectively, it is of great importance to first determine the underlying etiological factors; the treatment process should be customized according to individual needs and carefully planned with a multidisciplinary approach. Treatment includes occlusal splints, botulinum toxin applications, physical therapy, biofeedback, laser therapy, and cognitive-behavioral interventions; in addition, psychologically based approaches such as sleep hygiene and mindfulness meditation have shown promising results. This review provides a multidimensional evaluation of bruxism from its historical definition to current classifications, etiopathogenesis, clinical-radiological findings, diagnostic approaches, and treatment options