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Favor, setback, and resilience: French merchants’ penetration into the Spanish Atlantic monopoly and the New Spain market, 1620-1640

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Analysis uncovers how French merchants entered the Spanish Indies, highlighting Royal patronage's role in network expansion.

French merchants gained access to the Spanish Atlantic market, showcasing resilience amid economic challenges.
Support from the Crown provided a unique opportunity for French merchants to penetrate the Spanish Indies during the 1620s.
The study maps French interactions with other merchant networks, integrating Flemish and Italian influences already established in New Spain.
Economic reprisal in 1635 tested French merchant resilience but reframed trading dynamics within the Spanish Empire.

E. Poggio (2025) studied this question.

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