Post-acute infection syndromes(PAIS): Hypothesis on the pathophysiological role of endogenously produced carbonmonoxide

How to explain post-exertional malaise (PEM)Post-acute infection syndromes (PAIS), including long COVID, post-vaccination syndrome, and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), represent a growing and often misunderstood challenge. Despite persistent, debilitating symptoms such as fatigue and "brain fog," their exact pathophysiological mechanisms remain largely unclear.This hypothesis posits that chronically elevated endogenous production of carbon monoxide (CO), primarily through the enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), is a previously underappreciated cause of these syndromes. Due to the extremely high affinity of CO for hemoglobin (Hb), this leads to "invisible hypoxia" at the cellular level, which remains undetected by standard diagnostics.One reason for this is that pulse oximetry incorrectly interprets COHb (carboxyhemoglobin) as oxygen (O2). Due to the disrupted Bohr effect, blood gas analyses also show a normal ratio between O2 and carbon dioxide (CO2) (no gas exchange takes place), while the presence of COHb can distort the oxygen measurement.The resulting delayed accumulation of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) and the resulting cell dysfunction, in conjunction with the long half-life of CO (4-6 hours in ambient air), offer a plausible explanation for post-exertional malaise (PEM), a key symptom of ME/CFS. In addition, oxidative stress, impaired nutrient uptake, the particular vulnerability of the child's brain, and many other conditions could be explained by this mechanism.The hypothesis is supplemented by existing research approaches on mitochondrial dysfunction and oxygen utilization disorders in PAIS patients. Given the diagnostic difficulties and complexity of these syndromes, this work underscores the urgent need for interdisciplinary research to validate the role of endogenous CO in order to develop more precise diagnostic and effective therapeutic approaches for those affected.