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Social Differences in Maternal Mortality in Zeeland 1812–1913

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Analysis reveals a social gradient in maternal mortality in Zeeland, comparing it to overall mortality rates.

Maternal mortality was about one third of total observed deaths among women aged 20 to 45.
Upper class women faced higher maternal mortality rates than unskilled laborers in early 19th century Zeeland.
By the early 20th century, maternal mortality became uncommon and social differences diminished.
The reverse social gradient in mortality was unique to maternal deaths, not found for all women’s deaths aged 20-45.

Ingrid K. van Dijk (2025) studied this question.

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