Smoking, alcohol consumption, and new-onset impaired glucose metabolism in male patients with type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis: a retrospective cohort study

Background: Type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is more prevalent among males, a significant proportion of whom are known to smoke and consume alcohol, both of which can cause damage to the pancreas. AIP is associated with the new-onset impaired glucose metabolism (NO-IGM). However, it remains unclear whether smoking and alcohol consumption exacerbate this risk. Objectives: The present study aims to clarify the potential impact of smoking and alcohol consumption on the risk of NO-IGM in male patients with type 1 AIP. Design: A retrospective cohort study. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 305 male patients with type 1 AIP. The participants were categorized into four groups based on smoking and drinking status: neither, smoking-only, drinking-only, and both group. The impact of smoking and heavy drinking on AIP-related IGM was analyzed using multivariate modified Poisson regression. Results: The prevalence of NO-IGM was 40.66% in the study. In the multivariate modified Poisson regression analysis, smoking-only group (relative risk (RR), 2.44; 95% CI, 1.70–3.51) and both smoking and drinking (RR, 2.84; 95% CI, 1.93–4.19) were associated with an increased risk of type 1 AIP-related NO-IGM. Drinking only (estimated RR >1) also appeared to elevate this risk. Conclusion: In male patients with type 1 AIP, smoking and heavy drinking may increase the risk of AIP-related NO-IGM.