Comparative Analysis of Global Urban Resilience Frameworks: Patterns, Gaps, and Pathways for India

Urban resilience frameworks guide cities in addressing the multifaceted challenges arising from climate change, urbanization, and disaster risks. This paper compares 88 global resilience frameworks using mixed methods, including Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Hierarchical and K-Means Clustering, and Thematic Analysis. PCA revealed three dominant dimensions: climate-infrastructure integration, socio-institutional governance, and technological innovation. Clustering yielded four framework typologies: Climate-Centric, Holistic Integrators, Technology-Driven, and Policy-Focused. Major gaps include limited focus on social equity (observed in 62% of frameworks) and sparse representation of Global South contexts. Thematic analysis identified emergent trends in nature-based solutions and digital governance, while highlighting low uptake of standardized indicators like ISO 37123. For India, the integration of NIUA's local diagnostics, ISO metrics, and community-driven models like ACCCRN offers a viable pathway. This study contributes critical insights for researchers and policymakers aiming to develop inclusive, data-driven urban resilience strategies.