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September 10, 2025Open Access

Mentalization and Emotional-Cognitive Rigidity as predictors of esketamine's effects on Treatment-Resistant Depression: Findings from a prospective observational study

MOMiriam OlivolaASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco FMF. MazzoniUniversity of Pavia BTBarbara TarantinoJohns Hopkins University

Key Points

Esketamine treatment significantly reduced depressive symptoms in patients undergoing a six-month evaluation.
Patients with poorer mentalization displayed higher depression scores on the MADRS scale throughout the study.
Greater cognitive rigidity may offer protection against negative thoughts, supporting emotional stability during treatment.
Results emphasize the need for personalized treatment approaches to effectively manage treatment-resistant depression.

Abstract

Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD) remains a major challenge in the management of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Esketamine, the S-enantiomer of ketamine and a glutamatergic modulator, has been approved by the FDA and EMA for TRD in 2019. Beyond its rapid antidepressant effects, esketamine may enhance neuroplasticity, facilitating the reconnection with emotional and cognitive processes, improving mentalization, social cognition and promoting resilience. This prospective multicenter observational study aimed to evaluate esketamine's therapeutic impact on depressive symptoms and explore whether psychological and clinical factors-including mentalization, psychache, social cognition, suicidality, and cognitive-emotional rigidity-could predict treatment response, enabling a more personalized approach to TRD management. Thirty-six TRD patients treated with esketamine were assessed over a six-month follow-up period using psychometric measures of depression severity, suicidality, mentalization, social cognition, psychache, and cognitive-emotional rigidity. A significant association emerged between mentalization deficits and depressive symptoms. Specifically, patients with poor baseline mentalization abilities exhibited higher Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) scores both at baseline and throughout follow-up. In contrast, greater cognitive rigidity appeared to have a protective role, potentially mitigating negative thinking and providing emotional stability, which may enhance resilience to stressors. These findings highlight the importance of a personalized treatment approach in TRD. Esketamine may be particularly beneficial in reducing cognitive rigidity, improving mentalization, and breaking the cognitive inflexibility that contributes to sustained negative depressive thinking patterns. Further research is needed to refine patient stratification and optimize treatment strategies for individuals with TRD.

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