Smart Red Blood Cell Carriers: A Nanotechnological Approach to Cancer Drug Delivery

The efficient and targeted delivery of pharmaceutical substances remains a major challenge in modern therapeutics. Traditional drug delivery systems often suffer from limited bioavailability, rapid clearance, and off-target effects. Red blood cells (erythrocytes), due to their long circulation time, biocompatibility, and immune-evasive properties, have emerged as promising carriers in the development of novel nanotechnology-based drug delivery platforms.A comprehensive literature review was conducted, analyzing recent studies on erythrocyte membrane-coated nanoparticles, their interactions with loaded therapeutic agents, and their performance in vitro and in vivo. Special focus was given to applications in chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), and immunotherapy. Erythrocyte-based nanocarriers demonstrated improved circulation times, reduced immune clearance, and enhanced targeting capabilities compared to traditional nanoparticles. Encapsulation of nanoparticles within erythrocyte membranes preserved the functional integrity of the carrier while minimizing systemic toxicity. However, challenges such as membrane stability, hemocompatibility, and the potential for nanoparticle-induced hemoglobin dysfunction were identified as areas requiring further research. In conclusion, erythrocyte membrane-coated nanoparticles represent a unique and promising strategy for drug delivery, combining the natural advantages of red blood cells with the versatility of nanotechnology.