Multilevel Assessments Reveal that a Novel Fungicide Benzovindiflupyr Induces Concentration- and Time- Dependent Toxicity toward Folsomia candida

This study investigated the toxic effects of BZF on collembolans at the individual, physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels. The results showed that the median lethal concentration (7d-LC50) of BZF on collembolans under 7-day exposure was 2 μg cm–2. The highest chronic toxicity of BZF against collembolans was exhibited in red soil (200.8 mg kg–1). Biochemical property analysis demonstrated that different concentrations (1, 3, 10, and 100 mg kg–1) of BZF-induced oxidative stress and oxidative damage in collembolans. Molecular docking analysis demonstrated that BZF bound to the active sites of relevant enzymes, thus disrupting their structural integrity and functionality. Transcriptomic profiling illustrated that BZF impaired critical enzymatic activities, further interfering with energy metabolism and lowering detoxification capacity, eventually leading to systemic toxicity toward collembolans. Our findings provide important ecotoxicological implications for BZF application and lay a theoretical foundation for accurate assessment of ecological risks and effective management of BZF application in the agricultural field.