Environmental Threats of Cigarette Waste: Phytotoxic Effects of Leachate from Cigarette Butts on Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek Seeds

Cigarette consumption and the associated environmental impact of cigarette waste are on the rise. Among these, cigarette butts particularly due to their cellulose acetate content can persist in the environment for prolonged periods and may exert toxic effects on soil dwelling organisms and plants. This study aimed to evaluate the phytotoxic effects of leachates derived from both regular and light cigarette butts and filters on Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek (mung bean). Experimental groups included a negative control (distilled water), a positive control (0.02 M ethyl methanesulfonate), and treatments with leachates of light cigarette butts, light filters, regular cigarette butts, and regular filters. Leachates were applied at varying concentrations (6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%, and 100%), and their effects were assessed based on seed germination, root and shoot lengths, growth index (%GI), relative growth index (RGI), and fresh and dry biomass. The results revealed significant inhibition of root and shoot growth at concentrations of 25%, 50%, and 100% across all treatment groups. Higher concentrations notably suppressed RGI and %GI values (p < 0.05), while fresh and dry weights declined proportionally with increasing concentration. These findings clearly demonstrate that leachates from both regular and light cigarette butts and filters have phytotoxic effects on plant development. Given the growing concern over environmental pollution, the need for effective strategies to mitigate the ecological risks posed by cigarette waste is evident, underscoring the importance of further research in this area.