From Public Nitpicking to Indignant Writing: The Transformation of the Satirical Spirit of *The Scholars* in the Condemnation Novels of the Late Qing Dynasty

Key Points

• The transformation of satirical art is significant in late Qing dynasty novels, showcasing evolution in the genre.
• Key aspects of Wu Jingzi's unique writing style in *The Scholars* influenced later condemnatory novels.
• These condemnatory novels not only inherited but also developed the satire present in *The Scholars*.
• The study emphasizes the importance of *The Scholars* in shaping the satirical landscape of Chinese literature.