Hybrid microgrids powered by renewable energy sources are gaining popularity globally. Photovoltaic (PV) and permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG)-based wind energy systems are widely used due to their ease of installation. However, wind and solar energy are unpredictable, leading to fluctuating power generation. Simultaneously, load demand varies randomly, making it necessary to integrate storage devices to maintain a balance between generation and consumption. To enhance system economy, a small battery is combined with a hydrogen-based fuel cell and electrolyzer for efficient energy storage and management. A robust energy management system (EMS) is critical to ensure power quality and reliability across all microgrid components. Maximum power point trackers (MPPTs) are employed to maximize renewable energy utilization. Frequency stability and ensuring power balance is important in autonomous microgrids, especially during rapid load or source variations. This paper presents a novel fuzzy rule-driven Takagi-Sugeno-Kang (TSK) controller for the EMS, ensuring fast, precise responses and improved microgrid reliability.
Haidari et al. (Mon,) studied this question.