Integration of Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) with Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) has become essential for a substantial role in improving the stability of standalone hybrid microgrids (MGs) in terms of voltages and powers, yet challenges remain in optimizing energy management under variable conditions. Conventional control methods often lack the adaptability required to address the dynamic behavior of hybrid MGs, highlighting the need for more advanced control strategies. This study introduces an innovative Energy Management Strategy (EMS) based on a Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) for a hybrid MG comprising photovoltaic (PV) arrays, wind turbines (WT), and battery energy storage systems (BESS). The system also incorporates a hydrogen-based backup solution involving fuel cells (FC) and an electrolyzer. The proposed FLC dynamically regulates the DC bus voltage, manages bidirectional power flow, and minimizes hydrogen consumption under varying operating conditions, including wind gusts, fluctuating solar irradiance, and abrupt changes in load demand. Comprehensive simulations comparing the proposed FLC with conventional Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control approaches reveal marked performance enhancements. The FLC-based EMS achieves a 99.8% efficiency in stabilizing the DC voltage while ensuring optimal power distribution among multiple sources and loads. Furthermore, the system exhibits robust performance under extreme weather variations and unexpected load fluctuations, delivering a faster response time compared to traditional PID methods. The proposed FLC-based EMS delivers a robust and practical solution for hybrid microgrid management, demonstrating improvements in stability, efficiency, and reliability compared to conventional approaches. The results establish a promising foundation for wide-scale implementation in diverse energy environments, advancing the transition toward more sustainable and autonomous power systems.
Kabouri et al. (Wed,) studied this question.
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