Effectiveness of sirolimus for early on‐set autoimmune cytopenias of autoimmune lymphoproliferative immunodeficiencies

Background Pediatric patients with autoimmune lymphoproliferative immunodeficiencies (ALPIDs) who exhibit autoimmune cytopenias are frequently diagnosed with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), or Evans syndrome (ES). These conditions generally necessitate long‐term immunosuppressive therapy using medications that are often ineffective and highly toxic before the diagnosis of ALPIDs. A less harmful treatment strategy is needed. Methods In this study, we described 23 pediatric patients whose initial symptom was autoimmune cytopenias and who were treated with sirolimus as monotherapy (1.5–4 years) upon being diagnosed with ALPIDs. Results Children with ALPIDs achieved a sustainable response in immune‐related cytopenias and lymphoproliferation manifestations within 3 months of sirolimus monotherapy. The complete response (CR) rate for cytopenias was higher compared to lymphoproliferative manifestations. Thrombocytopenia achieved CR more quickly than anemia and neutropenia. Following sirolimus treatment, there was an increase in the proportion of CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + Tregs and serum TGF‐β, while a significant reduction in the DNT ratio was observed. Conclusion Sirolimus resulted in CR and long‐lasting responses in most pediatric ALPIDs patients, suggesting it could be considered as a first line for patients requiring prolonged therapy. The increase in Tregs and decrease in DNT after sirolimus treatment may provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of sirolimus in ALPIDs.