Integrative Analysis of Key Signalling Pathways in Neural Tube Defects: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Strategies

Neural tube defects (NTDs), such as anencephaly and spina bifida, are prevalent congenital anomalies of the central nervous system. These defects can give rise to severe lifelong disabilities and incur substantial healthcare expenses for the affected individuals. The occurrence of NTDs is caused by multiple factors, including molecular regulatory mechanisms and environmental factors. This article comprehensively reviews the underlying mechanisms of three crucial signalling pathways associated with neural tube development: the Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) signalling pathway, the Sonic Hedgehog signalling pathway and the Notch signalling pathway, and, on this basis, delves into the potential molecular therapeutic strategies for NTDs. This review is of great significance for comprehensively elucidating the molecular causes of NTDs and expanding prevention and treatment strategies for related congenital anomalies.