Anti-Dyslipidemic, Anti-Hypertensive, and Glycemic Control Effects of Akkermansia Muciniphila: Lesser-Known Benefits in Metabolic Syndrome – A Narrative Review

According to data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted in the United States between 2011 and 2018, the prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) increased from 37.6% to 41.8%. Similarly, a Japanese study carried out between 2008 and 2015 reported a crude death rate of 1.6% for those with MetS. One new approach to managing MetS is lifestyle modification, in which probiotics play crucial roles. Beneficial microorganisms that are essential in maintaining human health are called Probiotics. As various animal and human studies indicate, a novel, promising probiotic species recently discovered is Akkermansia muciniphila ( A. muciniphila ). Several studies have highlighted the positive role of A. muciniphila in modulating the MetS. However, few reports have comprehensively discussed the effects of A. muciniphila on MetS-related dyslipidemia, hypertension, glycemic control-related insulin conditions, and chronic low-grade inflammation. Therefore, in this review, we aimed to discuss the up-to-date findings, aspects, and controversy about the role of A. muciniphila in the pathophysiology of MetS and its possible impact on MetS onset modulation, which could be beneficial in pinpointing the mechanisms of short-chain fatty acids-related glucagon-like peptide-1/peptide YY, dysbiosis process, thermogenesis, Toll-like receptors 5, hepatic lipids, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory bioactive peptides, trimethylamine-N-oxide/hydrogen sulfide functions, and others for the management of MetS.