Case series highlights anatomical variations in total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, suggesting diverse clinical presentations.
Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) is a rare cyanotic congenital heart disease with abnormal drainage of pulmonary veins (PVs) into a systemic vein or right atrium (RA). It is divided into four types on the basis of anatomical pattern of drainage: supracardiac, cardiac, infracardiac, and mixed type. The mixed variant is further divided into the "3 + 1" and "2 + 2" patterns. Our series illustrates three of these subtypes, that is, "3 + 1" mixed type, cardiac type, and obstructive infracardiac type with PVs draining into portal vein.
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Gupta et al. (2025) studied this question.
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