Designing Highly Reversible and Stable Zn Anodes for Next-Generation Aqueous Batteries

The global imperative for sustainable energy has catalyzed the pursuit of next-generation energy storage technologies that are intrinsically safe, economically viable, and scalable. Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) present a promising solution to meet these demands. However, the metallic Zn anode, the heart of this technology, suffers from fundamental electrochemical instabilities—manifesting as dendrite growth and rampant parasitic reactions (e.g., corrosion and passivation)—that critically curtail battery lifespan and impede practical application. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the latest strategies designed to achieve a highly reversible and stable Zn anode. We meticulously categorize and analyze these innovations through the three integral components of the AZIBs: (i) intrinsic anode engineering, (ii) interfacial electrolyte chemistry regulation, and (iii) separator-induced transport modulation. By delving into the core scientific mechanisms and critically evaluating each approach, this work synthesizes a holistic understanding of the structure-property-performance relationships. We conclude by identifying the persistent challenges and, more importantly, proposing visionary perspectives on future research directions. This review aims to serve as a scientific guide for the rational design of highly reversible Zn anodes, paving the way for the next generation of high-performance, commercially viable aqueous batteries.